Author:

Name: Stephen Sykes
Location: FI - Republic of Finland (Finland)

To build:

    make

There is an alt version based on the author’s remarks. The try.sh script will compile and use both but if you wish to see the alternate version specifically see the Alternate code section below.

Bugs and (Mis)features:

The current status of this entry is:

STATUS: INABIAF - please DO NOT fix

For more detailed information see 2006/sykes1 in bugs.html.

To use:

    ./sykes1

Next point your browser to the file: sykes1.html.

Try:

    ./sykes1 10

Refresh your browser.

You might also try:

    ./try.sh

This will run both the original entry and the alternate code to show some differences.

Also try:

If you have all day :-) and wish to find out how fast your machine can solve the maximum:

    time ./sykes1 19186

This was done on a Rocky Linux 9.2 server with Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-9900K CPU @ 3.60GHz with 16 cores (via HyperThreading):

    real        6m35.524s
    user        6m35.159s
    sys         0m0.002s

and done with macOS Sonoma with the Max M1 chip:

    real        7m10.786s
    user        7m8.322s
    sys         0m0.110s

Alternate code:

This alternate code is based on the author’s remarks.

Alternate build:

    make alt

Alternate use:

Use sykes1.alt as you would sykes1 above.

Alternate try:

The try.sh script will use both versions to show some differences. You can do so like:

    ./try.sh

Judges’ remarks:

Read the sykes1.html (generated by make) page source. Now then read the C source. Confused? :-) If it’s not clear try:

    diff -s sykes1.c sykes1.html

For extra credit, understand what happens when you give this entry an negative number argument, and why.

See the author’s remarks for how to make your own shapes as well.

Author’s remarks:

This cube shaped program solves the fiendishly difficult “Bedlam Cube”.

If you did not get one for Christmas, there is an article about these puzzles in wikipedia.

Some instructions on how to make your own cube are in the included file bedlam-cubes.pdf.

Actually the cube is very hard to do by hand by just trying to fit it together. I have not known anyone to solve it in this way - you would need to be very lucky indeed to stumble across a solution.

Instructions

Compile the program, then test that it works:

    ./sykes1

Shortly you should see the first solution pop out on your screen. It shows you how to build the cube piece by piece, rendered in glorious 3D ASCII.

ASCII art is all very well, but you also have a web browser, right? Well, just open the file sykes1.html. This html file is just a copy of sykes1.c, which helpfully contains an html document that should make the browser display for you a nice animated GIF, showing you how to build the cube. Rendered in glorious 3D color.

Want to see another solution? Try:

    ./sykes1 some_number

The program will discard solutions up to the number, and output numbered solution. Refresh your browser window to see the new solution.

Try some more - there are exactly 19186 solutions to choose from.

If you have a fast machine you might try the last solution:

    ./sykes1 19186

On my machine this takes about half an hour to run.

Implementation

The implementation is an optimized recursive algorithm that tries to fit the pieces into the cube one by one. The cube pieces are defined near the start of the program:

    int s[ ] = { 186, 94, 1426, 3098
            ,1047 , 122 , 1082 , 3083 , 1039
            , 569 , 527 , 1054 , 531  }  ;

Each piece is a bitmap, and represents a 3x3x3 cube.

For instance the first piece is 186 - this is 010111010 in binary. Written out like this you can see that it is the cross shaped piece:

    010
    111
    010

The other pieces are defined similarly. Most of the rest require more than one layer, such as piece 3 (1426):

Imagine the two layers on top of each other, and you should see this shape:

      +---------+
     / +----+  /|
    +-/    /| / |
    |+----+ |/  +
    ||    | +  /
    +|    |   /
     |    |  /
     |    | /
     |    |/
     +----+

Making your own shapes

The program is in fact a general solver - you can change the shape of the pieces, and provided that a solution is possible, it will be found.

For example, if you modify line 13 of the source like this, the program will solve for a different piece set:

    int s[ ] = { 187, 94, 402, 3098

And of course you can make your own.

After the pieces are defined, the first thing the program does it to fit them into a 4x4 cube. It collects every possible placing of each of the pieces.

Once those placings are ready, the program recursively checks each combination thereof.

In order to complete in a reasonable time, care is taken to eliminate any branches that cannot result in a solution. This is done by checking after each placing if all the remaining pieces can be placed somewhere, and that all the free space in the cube can be filled by at least one viable placing. Also if a piece is found to only have one possible placing, it is placed immediately without invoking a recursive function call.

Once the solution is found, the ASCII and GIF representations are generated. Care must be taken to render cubes in the right order such that pieces further back are occluded by those in front.

In the ASCII output care must be taken with drawing the edges of each 1/64th cube (edges must be removed within each piece). In the GIF this is taken care of by color, which is graded from the back to the front to ensure edge visibility.

Notes

The whole program has just one function - main() - which is recursively called. In fact if you select solution 19186 it will be called exactly 159,260,759 times.

If you pick a number higher than 19186, the program will return a solution but it will be a rotation of one of the first 19186. This is because the cross shaped piece fits 48 ways in the 4x4 cube, but only 2 of those ways are unique - you can rotate one of those to make any of the other 46. The algorithm used always places the cross piece first, so the first two placings of that piece result in the 19186 unique solutions.

If you pick a number higher than 460464 (24x19186) the program will return without outputting a solution. If you can wait that long.

I recommend compiling with the most aggressive optimization options your compiler supports. I find --unroll-loops to be helpful with gcc.

The program relies on long long int being 64 bits, but has no other special requirements.

The program is known to compile and run under gcc and Intel cc, as well as PellesC on Windows.

Bugs

The program is not at all a valid html document, but fortunately browsers have good error recovery and amongst other things will ignore the /* at the beginning, and won’t mind the missing html and head tags and the lack of end tags.

The generated GIF is not compressed. This could be argued as an advantage - at least I don’t violate any of those old Unisys patents!

The pieces aren’t really those colors. Unless you make your own.

Inventory for 2006/sykes1

Primary files

sykes1.c - entry source code
Makefile - entry Makefile
sykes1.alt.c - alternate source code
sykes1.orig.c - original source code
bedlam-cubes.pdf - how to make your own Bedlam cube
try.sh - script to try entry

Secondary files

2006_sykes1.tar.bz2 - download entry tarball
README.md - markdown source for this web page
.entry.json - entry summary and manifest in JSON
.gitignore - list of files that should not be committed under git
.path - directory path from top level directory
index.html - this web page

The International Obfuscated C Code Contest

2006/sykes1 - Best assembler

Bedlam cube solver